School leaver's exams are taken by high school students at the end of their studies. Examples include the A levels, Higher School Certificate (HSC), and International Baccalaureate (IB). Results from these exams are used to gain admission into university, usually by meeting a minimum score requirement for entry into a course.

The Australian government currently provides private schools with funding. On average, private schools receive 50% of the funding given to their public equivalents.

Code-switching is the practice of changing your mannerisms, tone of voice, appearance, or switching between two dialects of one language (e.g. Australian English and Australian Aboriginal English) depending on the social context you are in.

1. In cases where the International Criminal Court (ICC) seeks assistance with investigations into the crimes carried out by nationals of state that are not members of the court, the United States has a history of choosing not to provide intelligence.

2. A "friends to all, enemies to none" approach to foreign policy is where countries are open to friendly engagement with all interested states, and do not make agreements or alliances that limit their ability to engage with other states. PNG, Fiji and the Solomon Islands all refer to themselves as following this policy.

3. Celebrity diplomacy refers to the use of celebrities to raise awareness about global issues to international government leaders and multilateral organisations like the UN. Examples include Angelina Jolie's work with the UNHCR and Leonardo DiCaprio's work on climate change

Build-to-rent housing is large-scale, purpose-built rental housing that is held in single ownership and professionally managed. In Australia, the withholding tax on residential real estate, including build-to-rent managed investment trust (MIT) income for foreign investors is 30%, which is twice the rate charged to domestic institutional investors. There are also additional surcharges, as well as high land tax costs for institutional investors across the board, plus high upfront GST costs.

Exclusive minilateralism is an approach to negotiations that aims to reach agreement between the most relevant parties without allowing less relevant parties to participate. In the case of climate change, the most relevant parties are the countries with the highest emission levels

The European Union traditionally has banned its members from subsidising their domestic industries. The Green Deal Industrial Plan is a proposal being heavily backed by France and Germany which would provide an exemption to this ban for the development of green technology. It was proposed in retaliation to the US introducing subsidies for its green technology industry.

Gamification is the use of game techniques in a non-game context. Gamification software uses gaming infrastructure such as scores, levels, and prizes, to engage users in a gamelike experience that creates extra motivation for the completion of certain goals. For the purposes of this debate, productivity gamification software gamifies elements of personal productivity such as completing tasks for personal progress in the workplace, the home or other contexts which are meaningful to the individual. This technology is neutrally sourced and high quality, and updates organically without requiring third party intervention. It can be installed directly into a user's brain in a painless, free and widely accessible procedure. Once installed, the technology cannot be removed.